Journal: The American Journal of Pathology

Article Title: Treatment with Anti–Gremlin 1 Antibody Ameliorates Chronic Hypoxia/SU5416–Induced Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension in Mice

doi: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.07.017

Figure Lengend Snippet: Gremlin 1 expression in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) clinical samples. A: Representative of high magnification images of colocalized expression of vWF and Grem1 in human pulmonary vessel endothelium. Arrows indicate positive staining. B: Lung sections from biopsies of controls and PAH patients were stained with an anti–Gremlin 1 antibody. Gremlin 1 staining in PAH patient is associated with plexiform lesions. Arrows indicate positive Gremlin 1 staining. C: Bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 2 (BMPR2) and Gremlin 1 mRNA analysis in primary microvascular endothelial cells (HMVEC) and pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs). Quantitative changes in gene expression were analyzed by RT-PCR normalized to GAPDH (ΔΔCt method). Data shown are representative from one donor of PASMCs and HMVECs. The experiments were performed in triplicate, with similar results observed in at least one other donor. D: Gremlin 1 mRNA expression in lungs from PAH patients. Secondary PAH lung samples were obtained from NDRI (n = 3). Quantitative changes in gene expression were analyzed by RT-PCR normalized to GAPDH (ΔΔCt method). Original magnification, ×20 (A and B).

Article Snippet: Cell Culture of HMVECs and PASMCs HMVECs and PASMCs were obtained from Promocell; additional pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells were purchased from Lonza.

Techniques: Expressing, Staining, Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction